文明

Sinoa

Mpamaritra

文明

1. zavatra izay manana talenta ara-literatiora
2. zavatra izay mandroso
3. zavatra maoderina

Fanononana

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): wénmíng

  (Zhuyin): ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): wen² min²

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): вынмин (vɨnmin, I-I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): man⁴ ming⁴

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): vùn-mìn

  (Hailu, HRS): vun min

• Eastern Min (BUC): ùng-mìng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): mong² ming² / muong² ming²
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): bûn-bêng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bhung⁵ mêng⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶ven-min₆

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wénmíng
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wúnmíng
    • Wade–Giles: wên²-ming²
    • Yale: wén-míng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wenming
    • Palladius: вэньмин (vɛnʹmin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/
    • Homophones:

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  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: wen² min²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: wenmin
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /uən²¹ min²¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: вынмин (vɨnmin, I-I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: man⁴ ming⁴
    • Yale: màhn mìhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: man⁴ ming⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: men⁴ ming⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vùn-mìn
    • Hakka Romanization System: vun^ˇ min^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: vun² min²
    • Sinological IPA: /vun¹¹ min¹¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: vun min
    • Sinological IPA: /vun⁵⁵ min⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ùng-mìng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: mong² ming² [Phonetic: mong⁵ ming²]
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: meóng-míng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔŋ¹³⁻¹¹ miŋ¹³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: muong² ming² [Phonetic: muong⁵ ming²]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /muoŋ²⁴⁻²¹ miŋ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-bêng
    • Tâi-lô: bûn-bîng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: bunbeeng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: bhung⁵ mêng⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bûng mêng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶ven-min₆
    • MiniDict: ven^去 min^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³ven-min₃
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /vən²² min⁴⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: mjun mjaeng

Rime
Character	文	明
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	文 (59)	庚 (111)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	無分切	武兵切
Baxter	mjun	mjaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɨun/	/mˠiæŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/miun/	/mᵚiaŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/miuən/	/miaŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mun/	/miajŋ/
Li Rong	/miuən/	/miɐŋ/
Wang Li	/mĭuən/	/mĭɐŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/mi̯uən/	/mi̯ɐŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wén	míng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	man4	ming4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mə[n]  mraŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*mɯn  mraŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	文	明
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wén	míng
Middle Chinese	‹ mjun ›	‹ mjæng ›
Old Chinese	/*mə[n]/	/*mraŋ/
English	ornate	bright
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	文	明
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13015	9188
Phonetic component	文	明
Rime group	文	陽
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	文	明
Old Chinese	/*mɯn/	/*mraŋ/

Tsiahy

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Anarana iombonana

文明

1. atao hoe sivilizasiôna
2. fitondran-tena sivily

Fanononana

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): wénmíng

  (Zhuyin): ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): wen² min²

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): вынмин (vɨnmin, I-I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): man⁴ ming⁴

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): vùn-mìn

  (Hailu, HRS): vun min

• Eastern Min (BUC): ùng-mìng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): mong² ming² / muong² ming²
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): bûn-bêng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bhung⁵ mêng⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶ven-min₆

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wénmíng
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wúnmíng
    • Wade–Giles: wên²-ming²
    • Yale: wén-míng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wenming
    • Palladius: вэньмин (vɛnʹmin)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wən³⁵ miŋ³⁵/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 文名 文明 聞名 / 闻名

  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: wen² min²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: wenmin
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /uən²¹ min²¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: вынмин (vɨnmin, I-I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /vəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: man⁴ ming⁴
    • Yale: màhn mìhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: man⁴ ming⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: men⁴ ming⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɐn²¹ mɪŋ²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vùn-mìn
    • Hakka Romanization System: vun^ˇ min^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: vun² min²
    • Sinological IPA: /vun¹¹ min¹¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: vun min
    • Sinological IPA: /vun⁵⁵ min⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ùng-mìng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /uŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: mong² ming² [Phonetic: mong⁵ ming²]
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: meóng-míng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔŋ¹³⁻¹¹ miŋ¹³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: muong² ming² [Phonetic: muong⁵ ming²]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /muoŋ²⁴⁻²¹ miŋ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-bêng
    • Tâi-lô: bûn-bîng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: bunbeeng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bun²⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bun¹³⁻²² biɪŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bun²⁴⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bun²³⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: bhung⁵ mêng⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bûng mêng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ meŋ⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶ven-min₆
    • MiniDict: ven^去 min^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³ven-min₃
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /vən²² min⁴⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: mjun mjaeng

Rime
Character	文	明
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	文 (59)	庚 (111)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	無分切	武兵切
Baxter	mjun	mjaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɨun/	/mˠiæŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/miun/	/mᵚiaŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/miuən/	/miaŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mun/	/miajŋ/
Li Rong	/miuən/	/miɐŋ/
Wang Li	/mĭuən/	/mĭɐŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/mi̯uən/	/mi̯ɐŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wén	míng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	man4	ming4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mə[n]  mraŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*mɯn  mraŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	文	明
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wén	míng
Middle Chinese	‹ mjun ›	‹ mjæng ›
Old Chinese	/*mə[n]/	/*mraŋ/
English	ornate	bright
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	文	明
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13015	9188
Phonetic component	文	明
Rime group	文	陽
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	文	明
Old Chinese	/*mɯn/	/*mraŋ/

Tsiahy

• Ity pejy ity dia nadika avy amin'ny pejy 文明 tao amin'ny Wikibolana amin'ny teny anglisy. (lisitry ny mpandray anjara)

Japoney

Anarana

文明

1. ny vanim-potoanan'i Bunmei, 1469-1487

Fanononana

(Tokyo) ぶんめー [bùńméé] (Heiban – [0]) IPA(key): [bɯ̟̃mːe̞ː]

Famakiana fanampiny

• 応仁(おうにん) (Ōnin) (era preceding Bunmei)
• 長享(ちょうきょう) (Chōkyō) (era following Bunmei)

Tsiahy

• Ity pejy ity dia nadika avy amin'ny pejy 文明 tao amin'ny Wikibolana amin'ny teny anglisy. (lisitry ny mpandray anjara)

Anarana iombonana

文明

1. atao hoe sivilizasiôna

Fanononana

(Tokyo) ぶんめー [bùńméé] (Heiban – [0]) IPA(key): [bɯ̟̃mːe̞ː]

Famakiana fanampiny

• 応仁(おうにん) (Ōnin) (era preceding Bunmei)
• 長享(ちょうきょう) (Chōkyō) (era following Bunmei)

Tsiahy

• Ity pejy ity dia nadika avy amin'ny pejy 文明 tao amin'ny Wikibolana amin'ny teny anglisy. (lisitry ny mpandray anjara)